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Indian elephant
The Indian elephant (''Elephas maximus indicus'') is one of three recognized subspecies of the Asian elephant and native to mainland Asia. Since 1986, ''Elephas maximus'' has been listed as ''Endangered'' by IUCN as the population has declined by at least 50% over the last 1 to -1 years or three generations. Asian elephants are threatened by habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation.
== Characteristics ==
In general, Asian elephants are smaller than African elephants and have the highest body point on the head. The tip of their trunk has one finger-like process. Their back is convex or level.〔Shoshani, J., Eisenberg, J. F. (1982). (''Elephas maximus'' ). Mammalian Species 182: 1–8.〕 Indian elephants reach a shoulder height of between , weigh between , and have 19 pairs of ribs. Their skin color is lighter than of ''maximus'' with smaller patches of depigmentation, but darker than of ''sumatranus''. Females are usually smaller than males, and have short or no tusks.〔Shoshani, J. (2006). (''Taxonomy, Classification, and Evolution of Elephants'' ) In: Fowler, M. E., Mikota, S. K. (eds.) Biology, medicine, and surgery of elephants. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0-8138-0676-3. pp. 3–14.〕
The largest Indian elephant was high at the shoulder.〔Pillai, N.G. (1941). ''On the height and age of an elephant''. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 42: 927–928.〕 In 1985, two large elephant bulls were spotted for the first time in Bardia National Park, and named ''Raja Gaj'' and ''Kanchha''. They roamed the park area together and made occasional visits to the females. ''Raja Gaj'' stood tall at the shoulder and had a massive body weight. His appearance has been compared to that of a mammoth due to his high bi-domed shaped head. His forehead and domes were more prominent than in other Asian bull elephants.〔Furaha tenVelde, P. (1997). (''The wild elephants of the Royal Bardia National Park, Nepal'' ). Gajah: Journal of the IUCN/SSC Asian Elephant Specialist Group 17: 41–44.〕
Indian elephants have smaller ears, but relatively broader skulls and larger trunks than African elephants. Toes are large and broad. Unlike their African cousins, their abdomen is proportionate with their body weight but the African elephant has a large abdomen as compared to the skulls.
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